PHILOS  [wisdom]          +         SOPHOS  [love of]    ------>    PHILOSOPHY  [love of wisdom]

GOALS OF PHILOSOPHY:
          1.  Search for the "truth" and for the nature of the universe.
          2.  Establish a set of beliefs by which to live.

"A NEW VIEW OF HUMAN BEINGS"

            PROBLEM --> How do you give human beings the greatest amount of freedom and at
                                       the same time, preserve law and order in the society?

                 Freedom of the individual     ---------------->   ?   <-----------------     interests of society
                                                                                  fair balance

          SOLUTION --> Each individual had certain personal rights which could not be withdrawn
                                      by any government.  No citizen was above the law, yet all men
                                      participated in making the law.

                        REASON ! ! ! -->  Would free man.  Man in unique because he could reason!

The Sophists:
        *  "Man is the measure of all things."
        *  there are as many truths as there are individuals.

Socrates:
        *  "Know thyself!"
        *  Knowledge of oneself is more important than knowledge of the world.
        *  Each person will arrive at "the truth" through careful thought [use reason!]
        *  The Socratic Method --> questioning and answering and more questioning to find the truth.

Plato:
        *  "Truth is not found in the things you see."
        *  The world of FORMS and IDEAS exist separately.
        *  What is the nature of truth and beauty?
        *  What is the meaning of justice?
                     The Republic --> concept of the "ideal state" [utopia].
                                              --> the philosopher-king is the best type of ruler.

Aristotle:
        *  "Before we can know anything about a subject, we must classify and systematize all the
            facts available.
        *  Reason is the highest good [Rationalism].
        *  Moderation in all things.
        *  Virtue [moral behavior] is a balance between the extremes in one's nature.
        *  Stressed self-control and self-reliance.
        *  Logic.
        *  "Scientific Method."

Epicureans:
        *  "The greatest good is being happy in life."
        *  Emphasized personal enjoyment over moral behavior.
        *  Too fond of luxuries and pleasures.

Zeno & The Stoics:
        *  "Happiness results from living in harmony with nature and accepting everything that life
            brings, even tragedy."
        *  All people are basically the same because each shares the power to reason.
        *  Common humanity of all individuals.
        *  Stressed self-discipline, courage, and moral conduct.
        *  A "Stoic" --> a person who remains calm, especially in the face of pain and misfortune.