Divine Right Absolutism- ultimate power over a state given to a king directly from God

Democracy- Government run by the citizens

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)- Author of Leviathan; which explained and justified a divine right monarchy. Believed that humans were innately evil and need a supreme ruler to maintain order. The subjects under no circumstances can rebel.

Bishop Jacques Bossuet- Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture; a divine government was needed to maintain order. God directly gave the kings absolute authority. The king's power was however limited to God's law.

John Locke- Author of Two Treatises of Government, in which he claimed that humans were innately good and had the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and property. He concluded that the people had a right to create a new government when the original government violated the people's natural rights. Locke advocated democracy and his ideas are reflected in Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence.

James I (1603 - 1625)- Alienated himself from Parliament because of his belief in divine right monarchy. (Parliament believed in "balanced polity"--Parliament working with the king to govern the state).

Charles I (1625-1649)
          Ship Money- tax, without the consent of Parliament, on seacoast towns to pay for coastal defense
                                  and other government programs.

Charles II (1660-85)
         Treaty of Dover (1670)- Alliance between King Charles II and Louis XIV of France. Charles promised
                                                     to become Catholic and make England a Catholic Commonwealth in exchange
                                                     for a Fr. subsidy.
   Declaration of Indulgences (1672)-evoked the Parliament laws against Catholics and Puritans.

James II (1685-1688)

House of Lords- The upper house of Parliament dominated by the upper class.

House of Commons- The lower house of Parliament dominated by Puritans.

Cavaliers- Royalists; the king's soldiers from the upper class

Cavalier Parliament (1661)--restored Anglican church as official church

Rump Parliament- House of Commons without the Presbyterian members
          -Abolished monarchy, House of Lords, and made England. a republic Commonwealth (1649-53)

Long Parliament- lasted from 1640 to 1660; tried to limit King Charles' power
          - abolished arbitrary courts, taxes without Parliament consent
          - Triennial Act--Parliament must meet at least once every three years

Whigs- Supported the Exclusion Act and wanted a Protestant king

Tories- Believed that Parliament. could not interfere with lawful succession.

Levellers- Political party that advocated freedom of speech, religion, and a demo republic

John Pym- Leader of the radical Long Parliamentarians

Oliver Cromwell- Commander of the New Model Army, against the king
          -Independent--extreme Puritan soldiers. Captured Charles I
          - Instrument of Government-- 1st and last English Constitution in which Cromwell was made Lord                                                                     Protector of Eng.

Petition of Rights(1628)- prohibited taxes without Parliament's consent, arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldier, and marital law in peacetime.

Test Act (1673)- Passed by Parliament specifying that only Anglicans could hold political or military office.

Exclusion Act (1678-1681)- Failed acts to bar James (catholic) to the throne.

Glorious Revolution

"Glorious Revolution" (1688)- Bloodless revolution in which William and Mary took over England's monarchy.

William and Mary- Invited by English noblemen to overthrow James II

Declaration of Rights (Bill of Rights) (1689)- Confirmed Parliament's right to levy taxes, make new laws, and raise a standing army. Guaranteed free elections, the citizens' rights to petition, keep arms, have a jury trail, and freedom of speech.