1900:  A Preview of the 20c  Albert Einstein (biography) Alexander Palace Time Machine:  Everyday Life in a Romanov Palace Amedeo Modigliani (WeMuseum) Art Nouveau (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works Beatrice Potter Web (Spartacus Site) Benjamin Disraeli (Spartacus Site) Bloody Sunday:  The Political Progression of the Workers' Movement in Early Twentieth Century Russia "Bosnia-Hercegovina and the Failure of Reform in Austria-Hungary" - lecture British House of Commons Election Results:  1832-1983 (Spartacus Site) Charles Darwin and Evolution Creating French Culture:  Treasures from the Bibliothèque Nationale de France The Crystal Palace Exhibit Cubism (Artcyclopedia) Dickens' London:  The East End Domestic Life in 19c England Early 20th Century Cultural Conflicts Early Modern Art Edvard Munch Edward VII of England (Spartacus Site) The Emancipation of British Women:  1750-1920 (Spartacus) The Empire That Was Russia:  Ethnic Diversity The Empire That Was Russia:  People at Work "Enfranchising Women: The Politics of Women's Suffrage in Europe 1789-1945" - tutorial with documents and other resources European Art Nouveau Evolution: Darwin (PBS) Extracts from the Times of London (1850-1851) on the culture of Victorian London The Fabian Society (Spartacus Site) Fauvism (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works The First Impressionist Exhibition, 1874 Futurism Georges Braque Grandmother of Europe:  Queen Victoria, Her Children, and Her Grandchildren H. G. Wells (Spartacus Site) High Victorian Gothic Architecture in England - many photos The House of Romanov:  Geneological Chart The House of Saxe-Coburg-Windsor Genealogical Chart (England) Images of Black Victorians in Britain Impressionism (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works Impressionism (Web Museum) The Impressionists (Biography.com) "Jack the Ripper As the Threat of Outcast London - Robert F. Haggard in Essays in History Map-->"Two Solutions to the Eastern Question: The Treaty of San Stefano; The Congress of Berlin:  1878" Monuments and Dust:  The Culture of Victorian London Nietzsche, Freud, and the Thrust Toward Modernism (1) - from the series "Lectures on 20c Europe" Nietzsche, Freud, and the Thrust Toward Modernism (2) - from the series "Lectures on 20c Europe" Pablo Picasso People of Action During the 19c People of Ideas During the 19c The Perspectives of Nietzsche Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's Collected Works Post-Impressionism - large list of artists and their works The Posters of Toulouse-Lautrec The Pre-Raphaelites Prints Abound:  Paris in the 1890s (National Gallery of Art) Queen Victoria (Spartacus Site) Queen Victoria:  Images of Her World [100s of black and white photos] Random Thoughts on the Intellectual History of 20c Europe - from the series "Lectures on 20c Europe" The Revolution of 1905 in Russia The Second Industrial Revolution The Second Reich Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna Socialism:  Venn Diagram The Stolypin Agrarian Reform, 1906 Symbolism Art Movement (Artcyclopedia) - large list of artists and their works Victoria's London Victorian London Victoria Research Web Victoria Station The Victorian Census Project Victorian Epics The Victorian Era - articles in the magazine, History in Focus The Victorian Web Victorian Web Sites Vienna 1900 Wassily Kandinski William Gladstone (Spartacus Site) William Morris (Spartacus Site) Women and Birth Control (Spartacus Site) Zionism

 
   
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1840-1900:  The Spread of Railways in the 19c - charts 1854:  Caroline Norton - English Laws for Women in the Nineteenth Century 1855:  Caroline Norton - Letter to the Queen on Marriage and Divorce Bill 1856:  A General View of Positivism - Auguste Comte 1857:  Social Darwinism - Herbert Spenser 1857:  Women and Work - Barbara Leigh Smith 1858:  "A House of Mercy" - Bessie Rainer Parkes 1859:  Origin of Species - Charles Darwin 1860:  "Medicine as a Profession for Women" - Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell 1861:  Czar Alexander II's Address in the State Council Emancipating the Russian Serfs 1854:  "The Case for Equal Education" - read at the National Assoc. for the Promotion of Social Science 1864:  Cuanta Cura - encyclical by Pope Pius IX 1866:  "The Exclusion of Women from the Franchise" - John Stuart Mill in the House of Commons (7/17) 1866:  'A Reform Letter from a Single Lady', Punch (5/5) 1867:  The Claim of Englishwomen to the Suffrage Constitutionally Considered - Helen Taylor 1867:  "A Leap in the Dark" - political cartoon on the 1867 Reform Bill - John Tenniel in Punch  (8/3) 1867:  The right of women to vote under the Reform Act - R. M. Pankhurst 1868:  "The Enfranchised Washerwoman" - poem in Punch 9/19 1869:  Reasons for and against the Enfranchisement of Women - Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon 1869:  The Subjugation of Women - John Stuart Mill 1870:  The Ladies Protest - Josephine Butler 1870-1913:  Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization in the Western World 1871:  The Descent of Man - Charles Darwin 1871:  The Internationale (lyrics and sound files) 1871:  "Less Than Justice for Women" - Women's Suffrage Journal (7/1) 1871:  On the Genesis of the Species - St. George Jackson Mivart 1872:  Points of Supposed Collision Between the Scriptures and Natural Science - J. H. Gladstone 1872:  Secret Ballot Act (Britain) 1872:  The Use of Conflict - Walter Bagehot 1873:  Liberalism Evaluated - John Stuart Mill 1873:  On the Use and Abuse of History for Life -  Friedrich Nietzsche 1874:  Why Women Desire the Franchise - Frances Power Cobbe 1875:  A New Standard of Value - Walter Bagehot 1876:  The Emancipation of Women - Maria Eugenia Echenique 1876:  Speech on the Women's Disabilities Removal Bill - John Bright, M.P. (4/26) 1877:  La Femme Libre - Léon Richer 1878:  Germ Theory and Its Application to Medicine and Surgery - Louis Pasteur 1879:  Geographical Evolution - Archibald Geikie 1879:  "What is to be Done with the Slums?" - W. M. Torrens in Macmillan's Magazine (April) 1880:  Extension of the Germ Theory - H. C. Ernst 1880:  A Portuguese Shooting Party - Oswald Crawford 1880:  Science and Culture - Thomas H. Huxley 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part I -- Improvements Now Practicable" - Octavia Hill in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part II -- The Mischief of State Aid" - Lord Shaftsbury in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part III -- The Existing Law" - H. O. Arnold-Forster in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  "Common Sense and the Dwellings of the Poor:  Part IV -- A Workman's Reflections" - William Glazier in The Nineteenth Century (Dec.) 1883:  Corrupt Practices Act (Britain) 1883:  Homes of the London Poor - Octavia Hill 1883:  "Labourers' and Artisans Dwellings" - Joseph Chamberlain in the Fortnightly Review (12/1) 1884:  Extent of the Universe - Simon Newcomb 1884:  The Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State - Friedrich Engels 1884:  Why I Am A Socialist - William Morris 1885:  Germinal -  Emile Zola 1885:  "Methodism and 'The Bitter Cry of Outcast London'" - Forster Crozier 1885:  Redistribution Act (Britain) 1887:  Observations of Bloody Sunday Riots in London 1888:  The Struggle for Existence - Thomas H. Huxley 1889:  An Appeal Against Female Suffrage (June) - Mrs. Humphry Ward, et. al. 1889:  The Declaration of Utrecht 1889:  The Development of the Democratic Ideal - Sydney Webb 1889:  The Historic Basis of Socialism - Sydney Webb late 19c:  Evolutionary Socialism - Edouard Bernstein 1891:  On the Condition of the Working Classes [Rerum Novarum] - Pope Leo XIII 1892:  Female Suffrage - A Letter to Samuel Smith, M. P. from William Gladstone (4/11) 1893:  "Scream" - painting by Edvard Munch 1896:  Archbishops of England Reply to Pope Leo XIII 1896:  Why I am a Socialist - William Morris 1898:  A Critique of Nihilism by Constantine Pobedonostsev: "The Ideals of Unbelief" 1898:  J'accuse - Emile Zola 1898:  The Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom - Andrew White late 19c:  Five Years of My Life - Captain Alfred Dreyfus 1900:  The Interpretation of Dreams - Sigmund Freud 1900:  National Life From the Standpoint of Science - Karl Pearson 1900:  Sergei Witte on the Tasks for Economic Policy 1900:  Student Life at the German Universities - Mrs. Alfred Sidgwick 1901:  Friedrich Nietzsche's The Will to Power 1903:  Reformist Socialism - Alexandre Millerland 1906:  The Fundamental Laws (4/23) 1906:  The Suffrage Movement Radicalized - from Emile Pankhurst's memoirs 1908:  Reflections on Violence - Georges Sorel 1908:  The Social Gospel - Walter Rauschenbusch 1908:  Turgeniev's definition of Nihilism, as presented in the Novel, Fathers and Sons 1908:  Women's National Anti-Suffrage League - Speech by Mrs. Humphry Ward (7/21) 1909:  The Chemical Industry on the Continent - Harold Baron 1910:  The Oath Against Modernism - Pope Pius X 1911:  From Liberalism - L. T. Hobhouse 1911:  The Principles of Scientific Management - Frederick W. Taylor 1911:  "Winter Study With Church" - painting by Wassily Kandinsky 1912:  An Exposition of Darwinism by a Contemporary Naturalist - Alfred Wallace 1912:  The Sinking of the Titanic - Jay Henry Mowbray 1913:  "Madamoiselle Pognania" - painting by Constantin Brancusi 1913:  The New Liberalism - W. L. Blease 1913:  Selected chapters from The Feminist Movement - Ethel Snowden 1913:  Speech by Emily Pankhurst 1914:  My Own Story - Emily Pankhurst